High blood pressure, or hypertension, is a condition where the force of blood against artery walls remains consistently too high. If left untreated, it can increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, kidney damage, and other serious health complications. Often called the "silent killer," hypertension may not cause noticeable symptoms but can have long-term effects on the body.

Causes of High Blood Pressure

Hypertension can be classified into two main types:

1. Primary (Essential) Hypertension

• Develops gradually over time without an identifiable cause.
• Linked to genetics, ageing, poor diet, and lack of exercise.

2. Secondary Hypertension

• Caused by underlying medical conditions such as:
  • Kidney disease
  • Hormonal disorders (e.g., thyroid problems)
  • Obstructive sleep apnoea
  • Certain medications (e.g., birth control pills, decongestants)

Risk Factors

Several factors increase the likelihood of developing hypertension:

• Age: Risk increases with age.
• Family History: Genetic predisposition plays a role.
• Unhealthy Diet: High sodium, low potassium, and excessive processed foods contribute.
• Lack of Physical Activity: Leads to weight gain and poor heart health.
• Smoking and Alcohol Consumption: Damage blood vessels and raise blood pressure.
• Chronic Stress: Can cause temporary spikes in blood pressure.

Symptoms of High Blood Pressure

Hypertension is often asymptomatic in the early stages, which is why regular monitoring is important. However, in severe cases, symptoms may include:

• Headaches
• Dizziness
• Blurred vision
• Shortness of breath
• Chest pain
• Nosebleeds

If blood pressure reaches dangerously high levels (hypertensive crisis), it may cause confusion, severe headaches, or even stroke.

Diagnosis of High Blood Pressure

Doctors and staff diagnose hypertension using blood pressure readings:

• Normal: Below 120/80 mmHg
• Elevated: 120-129/80 mmHg
• Hypertension (Stage 1): 130-139/80-89 mmHg
• Hypertension (Stage 2): 140/90 mmHg or higher
• Hypertensive Crisis: Above 180/120 mmHg (requires emergency care)

Additional tests such as blood tests, urine tests, and ECGs may be performed to assess organ health.

Treatment of High Blood Pressure

Lifestyle Changes

• Healthy Diet: Follow the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet, which emphasises fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and low-fat dairy.
• Exercise Regularly: At least 30 minutes of moderate activity most days.
• Limit Salt Intake: Reduce processed foods and avoid adding extra salt to meals.
• Maintain a Healthy Weight: Obesity increases hypertension risk.
• Quit Smoking and Reduce Alcohol Consumption: Both can raise blood pressure levels.
• Manage Stress: Meditation, yoga, and breathing exercises can help.

Medications

If lifestyle changes are not enough, doctors may prescribe:

• Diuretics: Help the body remove excess sodium and water.
• Beta-Blockers: Slow heart rate and reduce blood pressure.
• ACE Inhibitors & ARBs: Relax blood vessels for better circulation.
• Calcium Channel Blockers: Help arteries relax and improve blood flow.

Complications of Uncontrolled Hypertension

If left untreated, high blood pressure can lead to severe health problems:

• Heart Disease & Stroke: Increased risk of heart attacks and strokes.
• Kidney Damage: Hypertension can cause kidney failure.
• Vision Loss: Damage to blood vessels in the eyes.
• Cognitive Decline: Higher risk of dementia and memory problems.

Conclusion

High blood pressure is a serious yet manageable condition. Regular monitoring, healthy lifestyle choices, and, if necessary, medication can keep blood pressure under control and prevent complications. If you have risk factors or symptoms, consult a healthcare provider for proper evaluation and treatment.

Take control of your blood pressure with personalised care at Precision Care. Your heart health matters, schedule a visit today!